Two-Warehouse Partial Backlogging Inventory Model For Deteriorating Items With Ramp Type Demand

This paper deals with two warehouse system for deteriorating items with ramp type demand. In this inventory model initially demand is considered to be linear function of time and it became constant after a finite time parameter. Holding cost assume to be constant in both warehouse. Partial backlogging is allowed. The proposed model is developing to minimize the total inventory cost which includes holding cost, backlogging cost, lost sale cost, and deterioration cost. Here three cases are taken into consideration depending on time where demand becomes constant. This is only an analytic approach towards the model. Keywords: - Two warehouse inventory, ramp type demand, holding cost, deteriorating item

ESTIMATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THEVETIA PERUVIANA (PERS.) K. SCHUM.

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to estimate antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different crude extracts of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic crude extracts of different plant parts were obtained and assessed for their antioxidant as well as antibacterial activity. These activities were determined by using standard protocols with some modifications. Aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used to estimate total flavonoid content and total phenolic content was measured by Folin-ciocalteu method.Results: Free radical scavenging activity was recorded highest in fruits and lowest in root's extracts. The maximum phenolic and flavonoids content was found in fruits (TPC33.59±0.385mg GAE/ g DW, TFC6.98±0.22 mg QE/g DW). Minimum phenol content was found in root's extracts (21.47±0.160mg GAE/ g DW) while leaves possess lowest flavonoid content (4.69±0.17 mg QE/g DW). In case of antibacterial activity, aqueous and ethanol extracts of Thevetia peruviana flowers showed maximum antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris with maximum zone of inhibition with a value of 18.5±0.5 mm and 15.5±1.322 mm respectively. Ethanol extract of Thevetia peruviana fruits exhibited maximum antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris with a value of 13.5±0.5 mm for the zone of inhibition.Conclusion: This investigation finds that methanol extracts of Thevetia peruviana has significant antioxidant activity. These crude extracts can further purify and can be used for development of anti-oxidative pharmaceutical compounds. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Thevetia peruviana fruits and flowers have good antibacterial potential. But care should be taken as the plant has toxic properties also.Â

Large ovarian dermoid, a cause for fetal growth restriction and oligohydramnios: rare instance in literature

Ovarian dermoids mostly remain asymptomatic during pregnancy. Large dermoids may present with torsion, hemorrhage or rupture. However, a dermoid cyst causing fetal growth restriction (FGR) and oligohydramnios is a very rare entity. We report a case of a large ovarian dernoid (15×12 cm) hampering intrauterine fetal growth. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown, patient was unable to get ultrasound examinations in early gestation, and thereby surgical intervention was not possible during the second trimester. As a result, this growing teratoma finally led to FGR by either exerting a pressure effect upon the uterus or by dwindling its blood supply.

Biopesticides: Use of Rhizosphere Bacteria for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens

The pesticides used to control pests and diseases are also implicated in ecological, environmental and human health hazards. To reduce the deleterious effects of these agrochemicals, certain antagonistic microorganisms have been characterised from rhizosphere of different crop plants that suppress various plant diseases and thus, minimize the use of pesticides. The application of these specific antagonistic microorganisms in biological control of soilborne pathogens has been studied intensively in the last two decades. These beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms inhibit the pathogenic bacteria and fungi by producing antibiotics, bacteriocins, siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes and other secondary metabolites. The efficiency of these biocontrol products can be improved by manipulation of the environment, using mixtures of beneficial organisms, physiological and genetic enhancement of the biocontrol mechanisms, manipulation of formulations and integration of biocontrol with other alternative methods that provide additive effects. These biocontrol agents could be effectively utilised in sustainable agriculture for improving growth of crop plants

Estimation of groundwater recharge in semiarid regions under variable land use and rainfall conditions: a case study of Rajasthan, India

In the semiarid regions of India, the annual rainfall is very low (~650 mm) and erratic; hence groundwater recharge is vital to support crops, especially in the winter season. For groundwater budgeting it is essential to consider how groundwater recharge is affected by both land-use and rainfall distribution. This study used a soil water balance approach, considering hydrological, meteorological, hydrogeological and crop information to understand the recharge process in semiarid regions. The approach was used at a sub-watershed scale where farmers grow rainfed and irrigated crops. Delayed recharge response on the water table was considered to estimate actual recharge, which closely matches the observed water levels in the field. The recharge estimated in rainfed agricultural lands, rainfed-irrigated agricultural lands, and barren lands was 29%, 17%, and 31% of the total inflow.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/R003351/

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Mauve visualization of local collinear blocks identified among 14 haplotypes (15BACs) from Saccharum species and sorghum. (DOCX 1909 kb

Comparative structural analysis of Bru1 region homeologs in Saccharum spontaneum and S. officinarum

BACKGROUND: Sugarcane is a major sugar and biofuel crop, but genomic research and molecular breeding have lagged behind other major crops due to the complexity of auto-allopolyploid genomes. Sugarcane cultivars are frequently aneuploid with chromosome number ranging from 100 to 130, consisting of 70–80 % S. officinarum, 10–20 % S. spontaneum, and 10 % recombinants between these two species. Analysis of a genomic region in the progenitor autoploid genomes of sugarcane hybrid cultivars will reveal the nature and divergence of homologous chromosomes. RESULTS: To investigate the origin and evolution of haplotypes in the Bru1 genomic regions in sugarcane cultivars, we identified two BAC clones from S. spontaneum and four from S. officinarum and compared to seven haplotype sequences from sugarcane hybrid R570. The results clarified the origin of seven homologous haplotypes in R570, four haplotypes originated from S. officinarum, two from S. spontaneum and one recombinant.. Retrotransposon insertions and sequences variations among the homologous haplotypes sequence divergence ranged from 18.2 % to 60.5 % with an average of 33.7 %. Gene content and gene structure were relatively well conserved among the homologous haplotypes. Exon splitting occurred in haplotypes of the hybrid genome but not in its progenitor genomes. Tajima’s D analysis revealed that S. spontaneum hapotypes in the Bru1 genomic regions were under strong directional selection. Numerous inversions, deletions, insertions and translocations were found between haplotypes within each genome. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comparison among haplotypes of a modern sugarcane hybrid and its two progenitors. Tajima’s D results emphasized the crucial role of this fungal disease resistance gene for enhancing the fitness of this species and indicating that the brown rust resistance gene in R570 is from S. spontaneum. Species-specific InDel, sequences similarity and phylogenetic analysis of homologous genes can be used for identifying the origin of S. spontaneum and S. officinarum haplotype in Saccharum hybrids. Comparison of exon splitting among the homologous haplotypes suggested that the genome rearrangements in Saccharum hybrids after hybridization. The combined minimum difference at 19.5 % among homologous chromosomes in S. officinarum would be sufficient for proper genome assembly of this autopolyploid genome. Retrotransposon insertions and sequences variations among the homologous haplotypes sequence divergence may allow sequencing and assembling the autopolyploid Saccharum genomes and the auto-allopolyploid hybrid genomes using whole genome shotgun sequencing. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2817-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Comparative Analysis of Homologous Sequences of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum Reveals Independent Polyploidization Events

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is an economically important crop widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions for sugar and ethanol production. However, the large genome size, high ploidy level, interspecific hybridization and aneuploidy make sugarcane one of the most complex genomes and have long hampered genome research in sugarcane. Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived from interspecific hybridization between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum with 80–90% of the genome from S. officinarum and 10–20% of the genome from S. spontaneum. We constructed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of S. officinarum variety LA Purple (2n = 8x = 80) and S. spontaneum haploid clone AP85-441 (2n = 4x = 32), and selected and sequenced 97 BAC clones from the two Saccharum BAC libraries. A total of 5,847,280 bp sequence from S. officinarum and 5,011,570 bp from S. spontaneum were assembled and 749 gene models were annotated in these BACs. A relatively higher gene density and lower repeat content were observed in S. spontaneum BACs than in S. officinarum BACs. Comparative analysis of syntenic regions revealed a high degree of collinearity in genic regions between Saccharum and Sorghum bicolor and between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. In the syntenic regions, S. spontaneum showed expansion relative to S. officinarum, and both S. officinarum and S. spontaneum showed expansion relative to sorghum. Among the 75 full-length LTR retrotransposons identified in the Saccharum BACs, none of them are older than 2.6 mys and no full-length LTR elements are shared between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. In addition, divergence time estimated using a LTR junction marker and a syntenic gene shared by 3 S. officinarum and 1 S. spontaneum BACs revealed that the S. spontaneum intergenic region was distant to those from the 3 homologous regions in S. officinarum. Our results suggested that S. officinarum and S. spontaneum experienced at least two rounds of independent polyploidization in each lineage after their divergence from a common ancestor

The bracteatus pineapple genome and domestication of clonally propagated crops

Domestication of clonally propagated crops such as pineapple from South America was hypothesized to be a 'one-step operation'. We sequenced the genome of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus CB5 and assembled 513 Mb into 25 chromosomes with 29,412 genes. Comparison of the genomes of CB5, F153 and MD2 elucidated the genomic basis of fiber production, color formation, sugar accumulation and fruit maturation. We also resequenced 89 Ananas genomes. Cultivars 'Smooth Cayenne' and 'Queen' exhibited ancient and recent admixture, while 'Singapore Spanish' supported a one-step operation of domestication. We identified 25 selective sweeps, including a strong sweep containing a pair of tandemly duplicated bromelain inhibitors. Four candidate genes for self-incompatibility were linked in F153, but were not functional in self-compatible CB5. Our findings support the coexistence of sexual recombination and a one-step operation in the domestication of clonally propagated crops. This work guides the exploration of sexual and asexual domestication trajectories in other clonally propagated crops